Tetanus

Tetanus is a kind of infectious disease which is caused by infection or pollution of wounds and injuries from bacteria that live in the soil and other rusty materials. This bacteria which is also known as Bacterium Clostridium tetani is a very hard and long living organism capable of living many years in the soil in a form called the spore. Kitasota first discovered that bacteria in 1899. Tetanus occurs when a wound of a person becomes infected or polluted with bacterial spores, the tetanus bacteria then enters into the muscles and bones and that gram bacteria causes many toxic and very harmful after effects, those who recover from tetanus have no longer effects of tetanus in their lives.

Puncture wounds are the best entrance for the bacteria into your body, in United States only 45-55 cases are seen every year. In developing countries of some parts of Asia, South America and around all parts of Africa tetanus is far more common. The annual worldwide occurrence of tetanus infection is more than 50 million cases, this disease has around four types which may be seen in patients:

1. Generalized tetanus can affect all skeletal muscles and it is the most severe of all.
2. Local tetanus manifests the muscles spams and wounds full of bacteria.
3. Cephalic tetanus causes the effects on face after head or face injury and lock jaw may occur.
4. Neonatal tetanus effects the neonates babies.may be new born or 1 month old.

Causes of Tetanus :

1. Clostridium Tetani the name of bacteria which is the main cause of infection.
2. Spores are usually found in mud, sand and animal waste and may survive in ones body for long time.
3. Frostbite.
4. Surgeries.
5. Childbirth.
6. Abscesses.
7. Crush wounds.
8. People who are not immunized or vaccinated may easily get this disease.

Symptoms of Tetanus :

1. Sore muscles.
2. Muscles rigidity.
3. Muscles cramps.
4. Swallowing.
5. Facial muscles are often affected first. Trismus or lockjaw is most common.
6. Problems of open wounds.

Diagnosis of Tetanus :

1. Certain changes in blood pressure (especially high blood pressure).
2. Irregular heartbeat.
3. Fever.
4. Pains in muscles.
5. Incomplete tetanus immunization.
6. If the wound is large, crushed, or heavily polluted, you should go to the nearest hospital's emergency department for evaluation.

Treatment of Tetanus :

Tetanus shot are mostly used in order to cure it, it is also known as tetanus booster shot.
1. Antibiotics like metronidazole should be taken which is best to kill infectious bacteria.
2. Wound cleansing.
3. Pain medicines.
4. An injection for prevention to tetanus is must which doctors advise that one should prevent tetanus infection after getting injured, and this injection should be taken with in 24 hours of injury.

First Aid At Home :

1. Clean the wound with pyodine or Dettol by applying on clean cotton.
2. Apply pressure to the area of bleeding to minimize blood loss.
3. Skin should be cleaned with soap and running water.

Plague

Plague is a disease which is transmitted from infected animals, usually by an insect named as fleas, to humans. It may also cause from person to person by touching or breathing droplets that contain the bacterium, Yersinia pestis. This bacteria can easily spread into the bloodstream and starts effecting other organs of the body, plague is a dangerous disease, the bacteria can also cause death of the effected person.

Plague Causes :

1. Once a human is infected, it is fairly easy for that person to infect other people with the organisms especially if they develop pulmonary infection because droplets containing Yersinia.
2. Lea bite is dangerous if it bites many people at a time and transfer the disease to their bloods one by one.
3. In general, plague circulates in the areas where infected fleas on rodents transfer the bacteria to other rodents which usually take places by the jaws of two infected bodies.
4. Direct contact with infected body may cause plague.
5. Through animals especially dogs.

Plague Symptoms :

1. They can be classified into three categories:
Bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. But a patient may be present with just one type also.
i. Bubonic: lymphs and nodes becomes swollen in three to seven days, term bubonic is derived from buboes) and the patient may also develop fever, chills, and weakness in this type of category.
ii. Septicemic: these patients do not develop buboes but symptoms may be chills, fever, shiver, bleeding,weaknesses, septic shocks, blood pressure.
iii. Pneumonic: pains, fevers, chest pains, shortness of breaths appear in this type of plague.

Plague Diagnosis :

1. Bleeding from any part of the body.
2. The two main types of problems, Fever and lymphadenopathy arises in a person who resides in or have visited to a plague-endemic area.
3. Patient’s exposure towards animals or fleas or the flea accompany them.
4. Patient getting fatigue or may get out of control due to the spreading of bacteria towards his or her brain.

Atopic

Atopic dermatitis is a common skin disease, which is not easily treatable, it affects large amount of population throughout the world. It is also called eczema, dermatitis, or atopy. Most often it is termed as skin allergy or sensitivity, the atopic dermatitis include eczema, hay fever and asthma like things, it may be a hereditary disease too it shows severe itching and rashes on the body.
"Atopic" refers to diseases that are hereditary, tend to run in families, and often occur together. It causes redness, swelling, cracking, weeping, crusting, and scaling, it can occur in any age but mostly it effects the young and infants, It affects males and females equally and accounts for 10%-20 % of all referrals to dermatologists, it has been researched that around 70% of patients develop symptoms in the first year of life, and 90% develop symptoms before the age of 5, it is common in urban areas because of the extreme outside exposure of the people towards the sunlight. People with dry skin are mostly affected by this. In this diseases if any thing touches with the infected area, it itches a lot.

Causes Of Atopic Dermatitis :

1. The disease can cause due to two main factors: genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors.
2. Disease is associated with atopic disorders like hay fever (seasonal allergies) and asthma in many people.
3. Emotional disorders.
4. Itching all over body for a long time.

Symptoms Of Atopic Dermatitis :

1. Red skin.
2. Dryness.
3. Itching.
4. Sensation of burning on skin.
5. Typical affected skin areas include the folds of the arms, the back of the knees, wrists, face, and hands.
6. Itching is also a main problem in this disease which usually occurs during sleep time, when conscious control of scratching reduces and the absence of the outside stimuli makes the itchiness more problematic and noticable.
7. Itching on pimples may worsen the condition towards atopic dermatitis.

Treatment Of Atopic Dermatitis :

1. The doctors and specialists suggests some sort of treatment plan which are usually based on the patient's age, his/her symptoms, and general health condition.
2. Lubricating the skin right after baths or showers may help.
3. Keep finger nails short, try to cut them after 8 days.
4. Choose soft clothes for babies specially.
5. Consider using antihistamines to decrease the scratching at night.
6. Phototherapy main also help getting at normal condition.
7. Using creams which kill bacteria like clear, gentacin and tracnesan, Giving moisture to body while atopic dermatitis can help in removing dryness from skin.

Dyscalculia

Dyscalculia is a reading disorder, it may refer to as the mathematical or intelligence problem in childhood and in adulthood as well, according to British dyslexia association it is said that dyscalculia and dyslexia go together but independent of each other, 40 to 50 % of dyslexics shows no sign of dyscalculia, it is also found that every 3 to 4 % of population is effected by dyscalculia of those who only have difficulty with mathematics and but have good or even excellent performance with other subjects, this disorder actually effects both the three sensation of the person involved in solving mathematical or technical things they are: visual perception, visual memory and logical thinking.

Symptoms of Dyscalculia :

1. Poor understandings of the signs +, _, *< % , # etc. that is difficulty in understanding sign languages.
2. A person feels difficulty in mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, division etc
3. Difficulty with time tables.
4. Difficulty with numbers and amounts.
5. Problem in using calculator.
6. Every kind of mathematical objects can easily confuse patients of dyscalculia.
7. May have poor sense of directions like west, north, east and south.
8. May have difficulty in measuring instruments or distances.

Diagnosis Of Dyscalculia :

The disorder can be diagnosed easily if your child or a person is experiencing problems in mathematics or reading even in other subjects, after diagnosis so as to confirm it you should see a specialist psychologist who deals with it and he may take your counseling and will show you results according to your mind position.

Treatment of Dyscalculia :

1. First of all focus on their strengths and weaknesses.
2. Find different methods to approach math problems.
3. Encourage the patients to ask questions.
4. Its treatment is possible through different ways like, with love, research on subject and patience.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is also called split personality disorder, it is a chronic, severe, debilitating mental illness that affects nearly 1% of the population in which more than 2 million people in the United States are affected by it alone, it effects majority of men as compared to women around the world, it is characterized within an individual’s social, behavioral and thoughts problems, no doubt its an psychotic problem. The problem of thinking which is attached with schizophrenia is described as psychosis, in that the person's thinking is completely out of touch means the person could not handle that with reality at times, for example they might hear several voices and may feel that a bug is crawling on their skin when there is nothing actually, they may see the dead persons and they may feel many things which a normal person does not trust at all, children of around 5-6 years of age or above may have this disorder, it is truly not a hereditary disease in fact.

Types of Schizophrenia :

There are different types of Schizophrenia, some of them are:
1. Residual Schizophrenia: In this type, the person having this disorder would have only negative symptoms (such the symptoms are characterized by a decrease in function, such as withdrawal, disinterest, and not speaking).
2. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia: episodic Schizophrenia.
3. Catatonic Schizophrenia: difficulties in movements , running and walking.
4. Paranoid Schizophrenia: may hear auditory sensations and may be fear full of some selected delusions.
5. Disorganized Schizophrenia: problems in speaking and language disorders.
Causes of Schizophrenia:
1. It is the result of a complex group of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors.
2. Environment
3. Circumstances of child hood
4. Life circumstances
5. If someone losses his/ her parent at early age, weak family background or poverty, emotional, sexual, or physical abuse, physical or emotional neglect and insecure attachment have been associated with the development of this illness.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia :

1. Catatonic behaviors.
2. Disorganized speech.
3. Loneliness.
4. Belief in the basis which are not real.
5. Lack of motivation.
6. Lack of speech.
7. Inhibition of facial expressions.

Diagnosis of Schizophrenia :

1. Anxiety.
2. Depression.
3. Loneliness.
4. Autism.
5. Bizarre behavior.
6. Dissociative identity disorder.
7. Mental illness.
8. Committing suicide or trying to do several times.
9. Intake of drugs in huge amount.

Treatments of Schizophrenia :

Schizophrenia can be treated by following ways :
1. Medications that provide some sort of relief and which helps in the betterment of sufferer includes olanzapine (Zyprexa), risperidone (Risperdal), quetiapine (Seroquel), ziprasidone (Geodon), aripiprazole (Abilify), paliperidone (Invega) and asenapine (Saphis).
2. Mood stabilizer medicines are also used.
3. Lithium is effective in treating schizophrenia and is good for depression and behavioral disorders.
4. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is very effective in treating the patients of Schizophrenia.
5. Counseling can be done from a expert psychologist or counselors.
6. Family psycho-education.
7. Assertive community treatment (ACT).
8. Substance abuse treatment.
9. Psychosocial treatments.
10. Cognitive behavioral therapy also abbreviated as ( CBT ).

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Retinitis pigmentosa belongs to the group of hereditary progressive retinal degenerations or dystrophies which is very common, there is a variation in this disease from person to person, most commonly it is the degeneration of retina that is the cones and rods of the eye which are special light receptors.
In this disease the rods of the retina are effected first and after all the cones are deteriorate. In this progressive degeneration of the retina the peripheral vision slowly constrict the central vision, it lasts a long lifetime of an individual.

Causes Of Retinitis Pigmentosa :

1. It may be inherited from generation to generation.
2. It can be transfer from one eye to another later ever in life but if one eye is infected surely the other one will also get this symptom.
3. Some genes like dominant recessive links, sex links recessives, genetic pedigree.
4. Along with this disease there may be a chance of usher syndrome as well.


Diagnosis Of Retinitis Pigmentosa :

1. Retinitis pigmentosa is a disease which may be present from early childhood or may be from birth but it shows its prescence in teenage.
2. There are approximately 78,000 people in the United States with retinitis pigmentosa (RP).
3. Along with retinitis pigmentosa hearing loss and blindness may occur.
4. Loss in seeing periphery.

Symptoms Of Retinitis Pigmentosa :

1. Difficulty in night vision.
2. Tunnel vision.
3. Night blindness occur in some cases.
4. Total blindness eventually ensues in most cases.

Treatment For Retinitis Pigmentosa :

1. Specialists recommend the vitamin A therapy, based on research dating back to the early 1990s.
2. Vitamin E is compulsory for the patient.
3. Omega-3-rich diet containing docosahexaenoic acid is also a valuable diet and can easily slow down disease progression.
4. Salads, fish, milk, chicken, cereals and the foods enrich with vitamin A and E should be used.

Melasma

Melasma is a very common tan, brown or blue-gray facial skin decoloration of the skin mostly seen in women specially in reproductive years.
It usually visible on the upper lips, cheeks, forehead and on the chin of mostly women with the age of 21-50+ years, its uncommon in men but it is seem in some cases but the ratio is having in women is huge. It is usually thought that is come visible due to more exposure in sun and for those who work under sun, external hormones like birth control pills and internal hormonal changes as seen in pregnancy. Sun exposure is the most common cause of this disease, it is found in latin and asians, people with darker skin like hispanics Asians, Africans and olive darker skin victims may have it and there is more chance for them to have it, 6 million patients of melasma are in U.S and about 85% are all around world and mostly are women.

Causes of Melasma :

1. Exact cause is unknown yet.
2. Pregnancy.
3. Birth control pills may cause melasma.
4. Sun exposure sufficient amount of ultra voilent rays.
5. Genetic predisposition.
6. Inheritance.

Diagnosis of Melasma :

1. The main point from which it is mostly diagnosed is by the typical appearance of brownish skin patches on the whole face of a person.
2. By examination of skin by an expert of skin.
3. Hyperpigmentation on skin.
4. Change in tone of skin.
5. Small dark patches occur on the skin.

Treatment of Melasma :

1. Hydroquinone creams like the over-the-counter products Esoterica and Porcelana and prescription 4% creams like Obagi Clear, Glyquin, Tri-Luma, and Solaquin. Products with HQ concentrations above 2% generally require a prescription.
2. Use of sun screen avoiding masks or avoiding ultarvoilent rays.
3. A phenolic hypopigmenting agent, azelaic acid, and retinoic acid (tretinoin), nonphenolic bleaching agents, and/or kojic acid may be prescribed.

Hallucinations

Hallucinations are the psychological cognitive processes which may include :

1. Feeling of crawling sensations on skin.
2. Seeing those objects or patterns which are not there.
3. Hearing voices but in real no one spoken.
4. Feeling different smells and tastes when they are not real.
5. Schizophrenia.

Sleep deprivation hallucinations is also a type of this psychological disorder, There are different types of recreational drugs, in which some drugs include LSD and other strong types of marijuana can cause hallucinations. In other cases, hallucinations can be normal, For instance, getting or hearing the voice of someone, or briefly seeing and sometimes grieving process like a died loved one.

Hallucinations Causes :

1. High and high fever.
2. Drugs.
3. Sadness.
4. Sensory problem like deafness and blindness.
5. Dementia and delirium.
6. Use of cocaine
7. Brain cancers.
8. Post-traumatic stress disorder.
9. Depressions.
10. Loneliness.

Hallucinations Diagnosis :

1. A person who is hallucinating looks more nervous, another prospective of a person being paranoid is also seen and he/she also looks frightened, these types of people should not be left alone, because they can met with any type of accident or can harm themselves.
2. He/She may harm others as well.
3. He may love to be alone and talk by himself ( like a mad person does).
4. He may be mentally disturbed and can easily cause severe injuries to himself.

Treatment Of Hallucinations :

A consultant or a medical expert will counsel the patient by asking several questions and by providing treatment according to those answers they may be :
1. How long have you been having hallucinations?
2. What causes you to harm others?
3. Why are you tensed?
4. Do you counter hallucinations before or after sleep?
5. Are you having fever?
6. Has there been a recent death or other emotional event?
7. Do you use drugs in irregular proportion?
Doctors may ask frequent questions like the above ones and will treat the patient according to the answers and can handle the patient easily after taking this questionnaire.

Pagets Disease Of Bone

Pagets disease is an abnormal condition of the bone, it a chronic condition of bone actually and characterized by disorder of normal bone remodeling process. In bone affected by Pagets disease, the bone remodeling is disturbed and not synchronized as a result the bone becomes enlarged, dense less, abnormal, brittle and can easily fracture or breakage, mostly the pagets disease of bone effects the bone of adults, around 2% of adults have this disease in United States. The most common bones affected by Pagets disease include the spine, the thigh bone (femur), the pelvis, the skull, the collarbone (clavicle), and the upper arm bone (humerus). the other name for pagets disease of bone is osteitis deformans, it can be seen in children also but in form of juvenile.

Causes Of Pagets Disease :

1. Sequestrosome 1 gene on chromosome 5 are associated with pagets disease.
2. Virus infections may cause pagets disease.
3. Hereditary gene of pagets disease of bone may transfer from one generation to another through parents to offspring.
4. Lack of calcium and iron may cause abnormal bone function.

Symptoms Of Pagets Disease :

1. It is noticed when x-rays are suppose to be taken when they are to be take for another reason but suddenly pagets disease of bone come to sight.
2. Bone pain.
3. Enlarged bones.
4. Fractures
5. Deformity.
6. Arthritis.
7. Tingling and numbness.
8. Pain and stiffness of knee or hip.
9. When skull bone are effected hearing loss,vision or headaches may occur.
10. Weakness feeling in effected bones.

Treatments Of Paget Disease Of Bone :

The treatment methods involve certain types of medicines for bone, they should be carbon, potassium, calcium and iron enriched.
1. Several types of exercises are prescribed by the doctors for patients of this disease which can be done daily to avoid the stiffness or bone jam.
2. Milk is a complete food and helps in re growing of bones and maintains the condition of bones.
3. Bone pain usually needs anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or sometimes pain-healing medications.
4. Actonel, fosamax, etidronate, zoledronate, pamidronate and risedronate should be used in medicines to avoid pains and certain compilations of pagets disease of bones.

Rabies

Rabies is a disease in humans which is caused by the bite of any animal like dog or other if they are infected by the rabies virus, it causes certain brain diseases in humans and if not properly treated they cause respiratory problems and death in almost every person infected, rabies has been transmitted by saliva droplets from an infected animal that contacts a skin break (abrasion or cut).

Except new Zealand and Australia rabies is found worldwide, the countries with dogs have most commonly seen infected by rabies. Bats, cats, foxes and raccoons can be infected by rabies other than dogs, about 55,000+ deaths yearly are results of rabies worldwide.

Signs And Symptoms Of Rabies :

1. Headaches
2. Fever
3. Irritation in body
4. Itching
5. Shivering
6. Drooling
7. Anxiety
8. Hallucinations
9. Delirium
10. Convulsions
11. Insomnia
12. Muscles spasms
13. Swallowing difficulty
14. Numbness and tingling

Causes Of Rabies :

It was suggested by the scientist Girolamo Fracastoro studied rabies and concluded that it was a communicable disease transmitted to people by direct contact with saliva from infected animals, animals can easily transmit rabies to humans and other animals which may result in severe and dangerous happenings to the patients, a person may also die if not treated well and if not given the vaccine as the first aid he may develop sever nerve breakdown and may loss the control over body.

Rabies Treatment :

1. It can be treated by giving a person an injection of rabies immune globulin and another injection of rabies vaccine as soon as possible after the bite or exposure to saliva from an infected animal.
2. CDC is an additional vaccine from 2010 and onwards for the patients of rabies, which is to be given on day 3rd,7th and 14th after exposure.

Rabies Prevention :

The best and easy way to prevent rabies in a country is to prevent the animals from getting rabies, the complete rabies cycle vaccine should be given to the animals and in this way the rabies will be minimize itself and the people will also be automatically prevented from rabies.